Saturday, March 10, 2012

A Plague to Remember: The Untold Story of The Oak Trees

Photo from here
Photo from here

By Clinton French

        Oaks trees such as the black oak, the white oak, and the live oak are monuments in ecosystems. Many different organisms rely on them for home and food. In fact, Black and White oaks are what land markedly decide where Oak savannas can be in Western N. America and without them, Oak savannas in in Oregon and many other places could not exist. The Live Oak on the other hand is just majestic and beautiful in the way it grows. It grows in many places and is appreciated as an iconic tree. These trees were once pristine and untainted, but now a plague is upon them.
Photo from here
        The Plague I am referring to is called Sudden Oak Death(Phytophthora ramorum) or SOD for short. SOD is a water mold that popped up within the last 30 years. And this water mold reproduces by spore, or more specifically by two types of spores. It has two spore types for transmission and they are resting spores(chlamydospores) and swimming spores(zoospores), which do as they sound. The resting spores have the ability to last through harsh winters, while the swimming are motile and fragile and use water as a means to spread their disease with ease. This water mold with its spores at the ends of it is pictured to the right.
Photo from here
Photo from here














     SOD is a disease that kills and infects many species, but it effects no other species like it does Oaks. SOD has devastating effects on Oak trees. Once infected, a oak tree gets cankers, which are the bleeding looking things on the left, and the “bleeding” eventually discolors bark and kills said area, like in the picture to the right. This disease then has about a 50/50 chance of killing an oak tree flat out, as found in "Responses of oaks and tanoaks to the sudden oak death pathogen..." where it is said that mortality rates of various oaks range from 2.4% to 5.1%, while the infection rates range from 4.1% to 10.0%. From there, it makes the remaining population of oaks susceptible to other forms of death, such as beetle infestation. Thus, SOD has an effective kill rate of higher than just 50% since it opens trees up to infestations and such. If it were an infection between just oaks, then the problem wouldn’t that hard to solve, because the infected individuals could just be removed, but this is not the case.
Photo from here
        SOD has many other species of plants that it can infect, such as California bay laurels, Douglas firs, Rhododendrons, evergreen huckleberries, coast redwood, big leaf maples, and many others. Most of these species that get infected have a very low rate of mortality, but they do experience dieback (shown in the picture to the left). These species act as carriers or hosts to that disease and are used to spread the disease far and wide in their areas of growth. The rate at which they spread is so high that within a year SOD has spread as far 35km from the nearest known path of SOD in California(Meentemeyer, R et al, 2008). The California laurel has been the main reason for the spread of SOD in California, but it doesn’t exist in Oregon as abundantly as it does in California, so it thankfully wouldn’t have as much of an effect as it does in California when it spreads to Oregon.
        One of the other main things that has amplified the spread of this disease is that fact that SOD is an introduced pathogen. If it were native, then the pathogens effectiveness would be severely diminished, for the plants it effects would have had some time to evolve to have resistance to the disease. Oaks have had not time to obtain resistance, because 30 years is a short amount of time for an oak tree. SOD emerged in the last 30 years and it is theorized to have been a mix between two exotic pathogens that were probably from Asia. Also, this pathogen is not found in Asia, for the exotics from which it comes have not been tracked down, but they could feasible be tracked down given enough time and information.
        Another contributor to the problem is that conifers are more fit than Oaks. When a space is opened up in a forest, the space is usually filled with what is representative of what is around it. Thus, as Oaks decline, conifers replace them, for they are more prevalent. Thus making it so that oaks are able to be slowly pushed out as SOD creeps further in. This is tree in California now and will be in Oregon if SOD is allowed to spread into its borders further.
        There is no cure for SOD. With that being said, there is a treatment. This treatment is Phosphonate and it is injected into trees. The injection acts as a booster shot and makes it so that the trees thicken their cell walls so that the water molds spores cannot penetrate them, as is explained in "Protecting trees from Sudden Oak Death before Infection". It’s a pretty simple fix, after all, if the spores cannot get in, then they cannot kill. This Phosphonate can also be used to prolong the life of an already infected tree. Also, it has a long term cost that comes with it. The Phosphonate needs to be administered every 2 years, for that is the effective length of the dosage recommended.
        Currently, the only legislative counter measures have been to regulates nurseries. Theses regulations were put in place to slow the spread of SOD, because SOD was spreading rapidly to new populations due to nursery host plants being transported to new areas from California, which is how it probably got to curry county. There are groups such as suddenoakdeath.org which encourage people to become active in this rapidly growing problem.
        As I see it, SOD is a plague unto the populations of oaks everywhere it is present, and as it stands now, there is only one county in Oregon where the dreadful pathogen has been found, while it is rampant in 14 of California’s counties. In order to protect the Oaks in Oregon, something must be done, or else the marked decline oaks is upon us. So, it is my suggestion that a barrier of Phosphonated trees be created both at the border between California and Oregon and around curry county which is the only county in Oregon with SOD As shown in the diagram below. But the Phosphonate must be applied to more that just Oak trees for it to be a barrier, since other trees, such as Douglas firs and big leaf maples, can contract the disease as well. Also, Phosphonating an oak tree is essentially just applying a booster shot to it, so it should have the ability to be applied to other trees and have the same or very similar results. Now by applying the before mentioned barrier with all trees being Phosphonated, then an effective barrier is formed in which a line of immune trees. This barrier will keep the disease contained such that the disease will run its course in the contained area and the uninfected population will remain uninfected.
        This course of action or some course of action very similar will need to be taken or else the marked decline of oak trees is upon us, for SOD is the plague that could end oaks forever.





Citations:

Information:

http://www.suddenoakdeath.org/   

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sudden_oak_death
 
http://anrcatalog.ucdavis.edu/pdf/8426.pdf     

http://kellylab.berkeley.edu/storage/papers/2010-McPherson-etal-FEM.pdf 

Meentemeyer, R. , Anacker, B. , Mark, W. , & Rizzo, D. (2008). Early detection of emerging forest disease using dispersal estimation and ecological niche modeling. Ecological Applications, 18(2), 377-390.
 
Ellis, A. , Vaclavik, T. , & Meentemeyer, R. (2010). When is connectivity important? a case study of the spatial pattern of sudden oak death. Oikos, 119(3), 485-493.

Images:(In order of occurrence from left to right, then down)

Photo from http://www.haltonhelps.com/Tree%20hunt/photo%20contest%201%20white%20oak%20lavecchia.jpg

Photo from http://v2.cache1.c.bigcache.googleapis.com/static.panoramio.com/photos/original/37284941.jpg?redirect_counter=2

Photo from http://www.suddenoakdeath.org/wp-content/uploads/sod_imports/images/Pram.parke.jpg

Photo from http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/1a/Sudden_Oak_Death.jpg

Photo from http://cisr.ucr.edu/images/sudden_oak_death_01.jpg

Photo from http://www.jgi.doe.gov/News/SODbay101.jpg

The last diagram was created by me, the author.

26 comments:

  1. Having lived in central Coastal California (Santa Cruz) near the very town where nursery stock evidently first introduced Phytophthora ramorum and having a strong fondness for the types of forest in northern California and southern Oregon where sudden oak death syndrome has killed so many trees, I feel a strong personal sense of loss and worry about the impact of this introduced pathogen. There are so many examples of introduced pathogens and invasive species wreaking havoc, it is sometimes hard to work up anger or worry about any one particular species or pathogen, given how many seem to be a threat. For me, sudden oak death syndrome and Port Orford root disease (also a Phytophthora) are the two pathogens that make me most concerned because of the particular trees and forest types that they attack for which I feel particular affection.

    Having said all that, every strategy for dealing with an invasive species has to carefully weigh the costs and benefits of that strategy and, in particular, the efficacy of a particular strategy. The injected phosphonate barrier around Curry County in southern Oregon proposed in this blog is definitively innovative and takes seriously the threat proposed by SOD, but the costs of such a barrier strike me as potentially staggering. How much does it cost to inject each tree? How many trees must be injected to produce an effective barrier? Even if such a barrier is constructed, would SOD still have a chance of spreading through the continued introduction of the pathogen through nursery stock? Would it need to be coupled with a stricter regimen of quarantines and tests for intra-U.S. nursery stock movement? Or would quarantines and tests of nursery stock prior to movement with the U.S. be a more cost effective approach? But would the impact on the nursery industry be acceptable? And how would the costs and benefits/efficacy of such an effort compare to those potentially engaged in to combat other invasive species and pathogens? We simply don't have the resources to combat every threat even if my personal vote would be for stopping SOD and Port Orford root disease. These seem to be the kinds of hard questions that must be answered.

    It is also possible that SOD has not spread farther into Oregon because the community structure of our forests and oak woodlands is sufficiently different from California that the disease does not have the potential to spread as rapidly here. This blog communicates quite effectively the distastrous effect of SOD in California and its lethality in oak trees. However, there are many details that aren't provided that are necessary for understanding this better (of course, it's impossible to provide all details in the limited format of a blog). It seems that California Laurel (Bay) is a key vector in the spread of the disease and north of the Siskiyou Mountains in southern Oregon, Laurel becomes relatively rare. The blog mentions Douglas-fir (which is quite common) as a potential carrier, but to what extent? I have not heard the same level of concern about SOD's effect on Douglas-fir or with regards to its potential as a carrier. The efficacy of potential carriers seems to be a critical detail. Perhaps the science hasn't figure this all out yet. Furthermore, if oak populations in Oregon are spaced farther apart relative to each other and relative to potential carriers, perhaps they are less vulnerable to being reached by the pathogen. All of these things need to be considered before making a full-out investment in a barrier or quarantine regimen.

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  2. One additional small point with regard to clarity in this blog. The author write that once a tree is infected, the "disease then has about a 50/50 chance of killing an oak tree flat out, as found in (McPerhson et al 2010) where it is said that mortality rates of various oaks range from 2.4% to 5.1%, while infection rates range from 4.1% to 10.0%." I found this a little confusing, the discrepancy between "a 50% chance of killing" and a "mortality rate of ... 5.1%", and after skimming the cited article, I realized that there are some key units missing in the reporting here. That is, while there is a 50% chance of a tree dying once infected, the mortality rates to which the blogger is referring are yearly rates of 2.4% /yr to 5.1% /yr as are the infection rates which should also be 4.1%/yr to 10.0%/yr within the population. Furthermore, if I read the article correctly (and I just skimmed it, I might be incorrect) the mortality rates are cumulative mortality rates for infected populations of oaks that include mortality not caused by the pathogen, mortality rates that would otherwise be .54%/yr to .75%/yr due to all causes other than the pathogen. This means that annual mortality rates increase by 4.4 - 6.8 times those of normal rates in a population once the pathogen is introduced, a fairly alarming figure itself. I guess the key point here is that it's important to include the units for the sake of clarity.

    In any case, I am glad that Clinton has highlighted this issue and written compellingly about it, because this pathogen is indeed a threat to trees and forests that we care about.

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  13. Hello Am From The UK , I want to write a little testimony about the good work of doctor Oyagu who cured me from Hsv 1 and 2 for just 2 weeks with his herbal medicine, I never believe I can be normal again and have a good life like others I always regretted the day I got diagnose with the virus, I was lost of hope when my doctor told me there is no cure for it but I keep thinking and thinking about my future, if I can have kids of my own well I am so grateful for my helper who get me cured with his herbal medicine, I go online in search of anything that can help me because I can’t deal with it forever so I found this doc Oyagu email on a blog of someone who was cured by him I quickly contact him for help and explain all my pain to him, he told me not to worry about it there is cure for real, I never believe until he send me the herbal medicine when I order for it and I have it within 4 days that is how I took the medicine for 2 week and the following week I go for test just to confirm I was 100% cured from this sickness what a miracle in my life I am so happy right now, you can also get in contact with him if you have such sickness through email address oyaguherbalhome@gmail.com or text him on what's app, phone number +2348101755322 Dr Oyagu also has remedy to others disease like COLD SORES,HIV/AIDS,DIABETES.CANCER,HIGH BLOOD PRESSURE AND MANY MORE. I oblige everyone to contact this powerful herbalist Dr Oyagu and be free from suffering.

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  14. I have been suffering from (HERPES) disease for the last four years and had constant pain, especially in my knees. During the first year, I had faith in God that I would be healed someday.This disease started to circulate all over my body and I have been taking treatment from my doctor, a few weeks ago I came on search on the internet if I could get any information concerning the prevention of this disease, on my search I saw a testimony of someone who has been healed from (Hepatitis B and Cancer) by this Man Dr. Silver and she also gave the email address of this man and advise we should contact him for any sickness that he would be of help, so I wrote to Dr. Silver telling him about my (HERPES Virus) he told me not to worry that I was going to be cured!! hmm i never believed it,, well after all the procedures and remedy given to me by this man few weeks later I started experiencing changes all over me as the Dr. assured me that I have cured, after some time i went to my doctor to confirmed if I have been finally healed behold it was TRUE, So friends my advice is if you have such sickness or any other at all you can email Dr. Silver (drsilverhealingtemple@gmail.com) sir I am indeed grateful for the help I will forever recommend you to my friends!!! with your lovely Email Address ( drsilverhealingtemple@gmail.com

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  15. I was diagnosed of herpes virus, I have tried all possible means to get cure but all my effort proved abortive, until a friend of mine introduced me to a herbal doctor called Dr Agaba, who prepare herbal medicine to cure all kind of diseases including herpes virus (Herpes), when i contacted this herbal doctor via email, he sent me herpes virus herbal medicine via courier service, when i received the herbal medicine he gave me step by step instructions on how to apply it, when i applied it as instructed i was totally cured from the virus within 3 weeks of usage. Contact this great herbal doctor today to get your cure. 
    Via Email: Dragabasolutionhome@gmail.com or WhatApp: +2349074536486

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  16. Happiness is all i see now I never thought that I will be cured from HERPES virus again. I have been suffering from a deadly disease (HERPES) for the past 3 years now, I had spent a lot of money going from one places to another, from churches to churches, hospitals have been my home every day residence. Constant checks up have been my hobby not until this faithful day, I was searching through the internet, I saw a testimony on how DR agaba helped someone in curing his HERPES disease, quickly I copied his email which is Dragabasolutionhome@gmail.com just to give him a test I spoke to him, he asked me to do some certain things which I did, he told me that he is going to provide the herbal cure to me, which he did, then he asked me to go for medical checkup after some days after using the herbal cure, behold I was free from the deadly disease, he only asked me to post the testimony through the whole world, faithfully am doing it now, please brothers and sisters, he is great, I owe him in return. if you are having a similar problem just email him on : Dragabasolutionhome@gmail.com or WhatApp: +2349074536486  

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  17. Hello, I want to write a little review about the good work of doctor Ojamo, who cured me from HSV 1&2 for just 2 week with his herbal medicine, I never believe I can be cured again and have a good life like others, I always regretted the day I got diagnose with this virus, I become lost of hope when my doctor told me there is no cure for it, Well I am so grateful for my helper who get me cured with his herbal medicine, I went online in search of anything that can help me because I can’t deal with it forever so I found dr Ojamo email dr.ojamoherbalhome@gmail.com on a blog of someone who was cured by him,of the same herpes, so I quickly contacted him for help and explained all my pains to him, he told me not to worry about it there is a cure for real, I never believe until he sent me the herbs when I ordered for it and I got it within 5 working days that is how I took the medicine for 2 weeks and the following week I went for a test just to confirm I was 100% cured from this sickness what a miracle in my life, I am so happy right now, and forever grateful, you can also get in contact with him if you have such sickness through his whats app +2349077406037 or email address:: dr.ojamoherbalhome@gmail.com

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  18. I found out, that taking herbal treatment is the best to get rid of hpv as soon as i feel the symptoms of hpv is appearing, i took the healing process by contacting Dr onokun for natural treatment it works wonders, amazingly ever since I had the herbal treatment i have not feel these horrible disease anymore and my doc told me the virus is gone, i am glad i finally got cured out from this horrible disease. every hpv or herpes patients should also get in touch with this herbalist Dr to get ride of these disease forever his email address; Dronokunherbalcure@gmail.com 

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  19. There is a great herbal man called Dr voodoo who can cure Hepatitis B virus and other deadly diseases with the use of natural herbs to cure Hepatitis B virus problems. He is from Africa and he is a great doctor and he can also cure you as well if you are have the problem And other deadly disease and here is email address voodoospelltemple66@gmail.com or Whatsapp +2348140120719 HERPES CURE,CANCER CURE,HIV/AIDS CURE,HPV CURE

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  20. I contacted herpes' I was told there is no herpes cure except treatment to
    control it. I totally lost hope. All I could think was losing my life it
    was so embarrassing to have this virus, few weeks ago I ready about a
    possible natural herbs cure which was guaranteed. And I ordered the natural
    herbs treatment from Dr voodoo after some weeks I got 100℅ cure. Now I'm so
    excited to share this testimony contact Dr voodoo WhatsApp number
    +2348140120719 also e-mail him at: voodoospelltemple66@gmail.com

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  21. I was depressed when doctor told me that I have been diagnosed with Herpes disease… I thought about my Family, I know my Family will face a serious problem when I'm gone, I lost hope and I wept all day, but one day I was searching the internet I found Dr.ezomo contact number. +2349056460552   I called him and he guided me. I asked him for solutions and he started the remedies for my health. Thank God, now everything is fine, I'm cured by Dr.ezomo herbal medicine, I'm very thankful to Dr.ezomo and very happy with my hubby and family. email him on dr.ezomorootandherbals@gmail.com or you can also reach him through WhatsApp number ‪+2349056460552He can also cure so many sickness{1}HIV And AIDS {2}Diabetes{3}Epilepsy {4}Blood Cancer {5}HPV {7}ALS {8}Hepatitis


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